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Amphetamine Addiction

Tolerance and dependence

Regular use of amphetamines induces tolerance to some effects, which means that more and more of the drug is required to produce the desired effects. Tolerance does not develop to all effects at the same rate, however; indeed, there may be increased sensitivity to some of them.

Chronic users may also become psychologically dependent on amphetamines. Psychological dependence exists when a drug is so central to a person's thoughts, emotions, and activities that the need to continue its use becomes a craving or compulsion. Experiments have shown that animals, when given a free choice, will readily operate pumps that inject them with cocaine or amphetamine. Animals dependent on amphetamines will work hard to get more of the drug. Physical dependence occurs when the body has adapted to the presence of the drug, and withdrawal symptoms occur if its use is stopped abruptly. The most common symptoms of withdrawal among heavy amphetamine users are fatigue, long but troubled sleep, irritability, intense hunger, and moderate to severe depression, which may lead to suicidal behavior. Fits of violence may also occur. These disturbances can be temporarily reversed if the drug is taken again.

Amphetamines and pregnancy

Little research has been done in humans into the effects of amphetamine use on pregnancy and fetal growth. Experiments with animals suggest, however, that use during pregnancy may produce adverse behavioral effects, such as hyperexcitability, in offspring. And among humans, several cases have been documented of withdrawal symptoms among newborn infants of mothers using amphetamines.

Other Stimulants

In the past few years, there has been increasing use of nasal decongestants for their relatively mild stimulant properties. Various combinations of ephedrine, phenylpropanolamine (PPA), and caffeine are often misrepresented as "speed" or are sold in capsules that resemble those of legally manufactured amphetamines; these are called "look-alike" stimulants. Taken in doses high enough to stimulate the central nervous system, these drugs (especially when used in combinations) can produce such side effects as high blood pressure, irregular heartbeat, and agitation. Deaths due to stroke have been reported following massive doses of look-alike combinations or of a related decongestant, propylhexadrine.

Amphetamine Addiction
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